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_FinalFormc h t j || j d }t j | |f S N accepts only a single type.r _type_checkr r rq r items rr __getitem__z_FinalForm.__getitem__ ; %j)-&Q&Q&QS SD'tg66 6rt Nrv rw rx r ro rt rr r r # 7 7 7 7 7rt r aW A special typing construct to indicate that a name
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There is no runtime checking of these properties.)docc F d| _ n# t t f$ r Y nw xY w| S )a This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
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)names rr r3 r3 < s >$ rt )r r c g }| D ]G}t |t r| |j 2| | Ht | S )zJAn internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters)r _LiteralGenericAliasr __args__r r )r paramsr s rr _flatten_literal_paramsr D sa ! !A! 122
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0< + + + + + : : : : :rt r a A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
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var: Literal[4] = 4
The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
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Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
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instead of a type.r, c t | d| } | t |j |j |j j < n# t $ r Y nw xY wt S )a Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
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@overload
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_1L1L $ Lrt c > g }d| j v rt | j }d}| j D ]Z}t |t j r>|j t j t fv r$|j j }|t d |j }[||}nt | }t | |k sYd
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r NzECannot inherit from Generic[...] and/or Protocol[...] multiple types., c 3 > K | ]}|vt | V d S r r )r~ r gvarsets rr r z+_maybe_adjust_parameters..: s3 "M"MaAW.; s( "9"9a3q66"9"9"9"9"9"9rt zSome type variables (z) are not listed in [])r r r r r r r' rQ r: rv r rz r joinr ) r r gvarsr5 the_basetvarsets_varss_argsr= s @rr _maybe_adjust_parametersrH sx
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ValueErrordepths rr _callerrR B sQ }U##-11*jIII J ' tts ,/ AAr c $ t | dv S )zAllow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
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u~~!;;;rt c L t | j rt d d S )Nz Protocols cannot be instantiated)r r r rq r r s rr _no_initrY U s/ :: " @ >?? ? @ @rt c 8 e Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd ZdefdZ dS )
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}|t u V d S r r: r~ bs rr r z-Protocol.__init_subclass__.. & *P*PQ1=*P*P*P*P*P*Prt r ) r __init_subclass__r rN any __bases__r rl r r r: rY r s rr r zProtocol.__init_subclass__ s ))4:6::: |''>> Q'**P*P#-*P*P*P'P'PC$ &S\99+6C( # , 8I(I(I#+CLLL, ,(I(Irt ) rv rw rx r r: r r r r! r r r s @rr r: r: sR o-GI L#(
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class Proto(Protocol):
def meth(self) -> int:
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Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
class C:
def meth(self) -> int:
return 0
def func(x: Proto) -> int:
return x.meth()
func(C()) # Passes static type check
See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
@typing_extensions.runtime_checkable act
as simple-minded runtime-checkable protocols that check
only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
def meth(self) -> T:
...
ro TFc v | t u rt d t | S )NzIType Protocol cannot be instantiated; it can only be used as a base class)r: r r r )r r kwdsr s rr r zProtocol.__new__ s= (??# %J K K K wws+++rt c t |t s|f}|s&| t j urt d| j d dt fd|D }| t u rt d |D sed}t || t j r%|dz
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| | j dd s#t d | j D | _ d| j vr t | _ | j r!| j t j u rt | _ d S d S d S )Nr z!Cannot inherit from plain Genericr c 3 ( K | ]
}|t u V d S r r} r~ s rr r z-Protocol.__init_subclass__..K r rt r )r r rQ r r r rH rN r r rl r r r: rY )r r r errors rr r zProtocol.__init_subclass__@ s #s|33 "Nc.@ @EE "Ncm ;E I#$GHHH(--- |''== Q'**P*P#-*P*P*P'P'PC$ &S\99+6C( # , 8I(I(I#+CLLL, ,(I(Irt )
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rt r$ c < e Zd ZdZdZej defd ZdS )r" z*An ABC with one abstract method __float__.ro rt c d S r ro rp s rr __float__zSupportsFloat.__float__ r rt N) rv rw rx r r rT r floatr ro rt rr r" r" H 88 u
rt r" c < e Zd ZdZdZej defd ZdS )r! z,An ABC with one abstract method __complex__.ro rt c d S r ro rp s rr __complex__zSupportsComplex.__complex__ r rt N) rv rw rx r r rT r complexr ro rt rr r! r! sH ::
rt r! c < e Zd ZdZdZej defd ZdS )r z*An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__.ro rt c d S r ro rp s rr __bytes__zSupportsBytes.__bytes__ r rt N) rv rw rx r r rT r bytesr ro rt rr r r r rt r c 8 e Zd ZdZej defd ZdS )r# ro rt c d S r ro rp s rr __index__zSupportsIndex.__index__ r rt N)rv rw rx r rT r rw r ro rt rr r# r# sB s
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An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.
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rv rw rx r r rT r rw r r ro rt rr r% r% sZ S
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aI Create new typed dict class object.
This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
zHcannot inherit from both a TypedDict type and a non-TypedDict base classc 3 J K | ] }t |t j V d S r )r r rQ r~ s rr r z)_TypedDictMeta.__new__.. s. @@Q:a 00@@@@@@rt ro r r z?TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a typec P i | ]"\ }}|t j |j #S )r )r r rw )r~ ntpr tp_dicts rr
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*$)!Nrt c t d )Nz4TypedDict does not support instance and class checksr rm s rr rk z _TypedDictMeta.__subclasscheck__/ s RSS Srt N)T)rv rw rx r r r rk r ro rt rr r r sJ H H H H T T T T .rt r r ro c t fS r )
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}|||d< t | d|| } t f| _ | S )aq A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
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associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
is not checked at runtime.
Usage::
class Point2D(TypedDict):
x: int
y: int
label: str
a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK
b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check
assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
to override this by specifying totality::
class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
x: int
y: int
This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
class body be required.
The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
individual keys as being required or not required::
class Point2D(TypedDict):
x: int # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
y: NotRequired[int] # the "y" key can be omitted
See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
N2Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter(Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter`z
= TypedDict(z, {})`z is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields using the functional syntax, pass an empty dictionary, e.g. .r
stacklevelz@TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments, but not bothzThe kwargs-based syntax for TypedDict definitions is deprecated in Python 3.11, will be removed in Python 3.13, and may not be understood by third-party type checkers.r rw ro r )
r warningswarnDeprecationWarningr r rR r r r )
__typename__fieldsr r deprecated_thingexampledeprecation_msgr r tds
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< &L rt c v t t d r| t j u rdS t | t S )a Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class
For example::
class Film(TypedDict):
title: str
year: int
is_typeddict(Film) # => True
is_typeddict(Union[list, str]) # => False
r F)r r r r _TYPEDDICT_TYPESr s rr r5 r5 s9 6; ' ' B&2B,B,B5" .///rt r( c | S )a Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type.
When the type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
def greet(name: str) -> None:
assert_type(name, str) # ok
assert_type(name, int) # type checker error
At runtime this returns the first argument unchanged and otherwise
does nothing.
ro )__val__typs rr r( r( s rt rE c d t | t rt | j S t | d r/| j t
t fv rt | j d S t | t j r@t d | j D }|| j k r| S | | S t t d r_t | t j
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| j | S t t d rdt | t j rJt d | j D }|| j k r| S t j t" j | S | S )z=Strips Annotated, Required and NotRequired from a given type.r' r c 3 4 K | ]}t | V d S r
_strip_extrasr~ as rr r z _strip_extras.. * !G!Gq-"2"2!G!G!G!G!G!Grt r c 3 4 K | ]}t | V d S r r r s rr r z _strip_extras.. r rt r c 3 4 K | ]}t | V d S r r r s rr r z _strip_extras.. r rt )r _AnnotatedAliasr r' r rE rF r r r r copy_withr r r rU reduceoperatoror_)r
stripped_argss rr r r s a ) ) / .. . 1l # # 0 ;8O(O(O A // / a- . . . !!G!GAJ!G!G!G G GM
**;;}-- - 6> * * Dz!V=P/Q/Q D !!G!GAJ!G!G!G G GM
**&q|]CC C 6; ' ' AJq&:J,K,K A !!G!GAJ!G!G!G G GM
** #HL-@@ @rt Fc t t d rt j | ||d }nt j | || }|r|S d | D S )a Return type hints for an object.
This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
'Annotated[T, ...]', 'Required[T]' or 'NotRequired[T]' with 'T'
(unless 'include_extras=True').
The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
inherited members.
TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
present.
BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
(unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The
search order is locals first, then globals.
- If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear
to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
- If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
locals.
- If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
locals, respectively.
r& T)globalnslocalnsinclude_extras)r
r c 4 i | ]\ }}|t | S ro r )r~ kr s rr r z"get_type_hints.. s& ===1=##===rt )r r r2 r )r r
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S )r aK Runtime representation of an annotated type.
At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
it to types is also the same.
c t |t r|j |z }|j }t || || _ d S r )r r __metadata__r' r r )rq originmetadatar s rr r z_AnnotatedAlias.__init__ sR &/22
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_type_reprr' rB r rp s rr rs z_AnnotatedAlias.__repr__ s\ H63DT_3U3U H Hyy D D$2C D D DDDH H H
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rt c ~ t |t st S | j |j k rdS | j |j k S )NF)r r r r' r rq r s rr r z_AnnotatedAlias.__eq__! s@ e_55
&%%%"222 u$(:: :rt c 8 t | j | j f S r )r r' r rp s rr r z_AnnotatedAlias.__hash__( s $*;<== =rt ) rv rw rx r r r rs r r r r r s @rr r r s ) ) ) ) ) @ @ @
I I I
; ; ; > > > > > > >rt r c B e Zd ZdZdZd Zej d Zd Z dS )r& a Add context specific metadata to a type.
Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
this type as int.
The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
the __extra__ field.
Details:
- It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
- Nested Annotated are flattened::
Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
underlying type::
Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
- Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
ro c t d )Nz&Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.r rh s rr r zAnnotated.__new__N DEE Ert c T t |t rt | dk rt d t t
f}t
|d |v r |d }n d}t j |d | }t |dd }t || S )Nr zUAnnotated[...] should be used with at least two arguments (a type and an annotation).r z$Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type.r )
r r r r r r r/ r r r )r r allowed_special_formsr r r s rr r* zAnnotated.__class_getitem__Q s fe,,
0F a !/ 0 0 0 &.u$5 !&)$$(=== < +F1Is;; VABBZ((H"6844 4rt c 2 t d| j d )NCannot subclass z
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rv rw rx r r r r r r* r ro rt rr r& r& + sf @ F F F
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S dS )a6 Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
get_origin(int) is None
get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
get_origin(Generic) is Generic
get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
get_origin(P.args) is P
N) r r r& r r _typing_GenericAliasr( r r
r' rQ r s rr r/ r/ x sg b/ * * b6/1EGX(/; < < !=
> !trt c f t | t r| j f| j z S t | t j t f rjt | dd rdS | j }t | t j j u r.|d t ur t |dd |d f}|S dS )a Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
Examples::
get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
get_args(int) == ()
get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
r Fro r Nr. )r r r' r r r r* r r r/ ry rT rJ Ellipsisr )r ress rr r. r. s b/ * * 6M#bo5 5 b6/1EF G G r:u--
r+C"~~ !999c!fH>T>TCH~~s2w/Jrrt r? c & t | d )a& Special marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
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Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
is not subscriptabler rq r s rr r? r? s 4666777rt a% Special marker indicating that an assignment should
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checkers.
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Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
above.c t |t t f r t d |D | _ d S |t k r t j |d | _ d S d | _ d S )Nc 3 @ K | ]}t j |d V dS )Default must be a typeNr )r~ ds rr r z _set_default.. sD (: (:,- )/(:1>V(W(W (: (: (: (: (: (:rt r3 )r r r __default__r r r )
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rt c D t d }|dk r || _ d S d S )Nr rP r )rR rw ) typevarlikedef_mods rr _set_moduler< s4 A G%%%!( &%rt c e Zd ZdZdZeZdS )
_DefaultMixinz Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults.ro N)rv rw rx r r r8 r ro rt rr r> r> s ))IHHHrt r> c e Zd ZdedefdZdS )_TypeVarLikeMeta_TypeVarLikeMeta__instancert c , t || j S r )r _backported_typevarlike)r rA s rr r z"_TypeVarLikeMeta.__instancecheck__ s *c&ABBBrt N)rv rw rx r boolr ro rt rr r@ r@ s> C3 C4 C C C C C Crt r@ c < e Zd ZdZej ZdddedddZddZ dS ) r
zType variable.NF)boundr r r7 infer_variancec t t d rt j |g|R ||||d}n3t j |g|R |||d}|r|s|rt d ||_ t || t
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_Immutablez3Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied.ro c | S r ro rp s rr __copy__z_Immutable.__copy__ Krt c | S r ro )rq memos rr __deepcopy__z_Immutable.__deepcopy__ rV rt N)rv rw rx r r rU rY ro rt rr rS rS
s= AA rt rS c $ e Zd ZdZd Zd Zd ZdS )r aQ The args for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
P.args.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
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a[ The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
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P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
c || _ d S r r\ r] s rr r zParamSpecKwargs.__init__7 r^ rt c | j j dS )Nz.kwargsr` rp s rr rs zParamSpecKwargs.__repr__: s o.777 7rt c Z t |t st S | j |j k S r )r r
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> " ,T7@;H , G , , , " " " rt rt c 2 t dt d )NrO z*.ParamSpec' is not an acceptable base typerP rv s rr r zParamSpec.__init_subclass__^ s YX Y Y YZZ Zrt rQ )
rv rw rx r r r rC r r r ro rt rr r r F sc &&"("2 (, #5#(' & [ [ [ [ [ [rt c e Zd ZdZej Zed Zed Z dddde
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Usage::
P = ParamSpec('P')
Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
type checkers. They are used to forward the parameter types of one
callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
functions and decorators. They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
See class Generic for more information on generic types. An
example for annotating a decorator::
T = TypeVar('T')
P = ParamSpec('P')
def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
'''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return inner
@add_logging
def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
'''Add two numbers together.'''
return x + y
Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
generic types. These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
are yet to be decided. See PEP 612 for details.
Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
P.__name__ == 'T'
P.__bound__ == None
P.__covariant__ == False
P.__contravariant__ == False
Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
be pickled.
c t | S r )r rp s rr r zParamSpec.args s && &rt c t | S r )r
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rt r c |dk rt d t |t s|f}t |d t st d dt fd|D }t | | S )Nro z&Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.r. zAThe last parameter to Concatenate should be a ParamSpec variable.z/Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type.c 3 B K | ]}t j | V d S r r r s rr r z'_concatenate_getitem.. s0 FFav)!S11FFFFFFrt )r r r r r )rq r r s @rr _concatenate_getitemr s R@AAA j% ( ( # ]
jni 0 0 / . / / /
;CFFFF:FFFFFJ #D* 5 55rt c " t | | S )& Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
r r0 s rr r r s $D*555rt c e Zd Zd ZdS )_ConcatenateFormc " t | | S r r r0 s rr r z _ConcatenateForm.__getitem__ s 'j99 9rt Nr ro rt rr r r s# : : : : :rt r r rA c ^ t j || d }t j | |f S ) Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
r )r r r r s rr rA rA ' s5 X !*.S.S.STT#D4'222rt c e Zd Zd ZdS )_TypeGuardFormc h t j || j d }t j | |f S )Nz accepts only a single typer r s rr r z_TypeGuardForm.__getitem__X s; %j)-&P&P&PR RD'tg66 6rt Nr ro rt rr r r W r rt r r c n e Zd ZdZd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd Z d Z
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zrt c & t d| )NzCannot instantiate r rq r r s rr r z_SpecialForm.__call__ s 6d66777rt c * t j | |f S r r rg r s rr __or__z_SpecialForm.__or__ s |D%K((rt c * t j || f S r r r s rr __ror__z_SpecialForm.__ror__ s |E4K((rt c & t | d )Nz! cannot be used with isinstance()r rq r s rr r z _SpecialForm.__instancecheck__ 4BBBCCCrt c & t | d )Nz! cannot be used with issubclass()r )rq r s rr rk z _SpecialForm.__subclasscheck__ r rt c . | | | S r )r r0 s rr r z_SpecialForm.__getitem__ s }}T:...rt N)rv rw rx r r r r rs r r r r r rk r r r ro rt rr r r s 0I' ' '
# # # 5 5 51 1 1 8 8 8) ) )) ) )D D DD D D / / / / /rt r r c & t | d )aD Represents an arbitrary literal string.
Example::
from typing_extensions import LiteralString
def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...:
...
query("SELECT * FROM table") # ok
query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}") # not ok
See PEP 675 for details.
r/ r rq r s rr r r s " 4666777rt r c & t | d )zUsed to spell the type of "self" in classes.
Example::
from typing import Self
class ReturnsSelf:
def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
...
return self
r/ r r s rr r r s 4666777rt rC c & t | d )a The bottom type, a type that has no members.
This can be used to define a function that should never be
called, or a function that never returns::
from typing_extensions import Never
def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
pass
def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
never_call_me(arg) # type checker error
match arg:
case int():
print("It's an int")
case str():
print("It's a str")
case _:
never_call_me(arg) # ok, arg is of type Never
r/ r r s rr rC rC s 0 4666777rt c h t j || j d }t j | |f S ) A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
as required. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
title: Required[str]
year: int
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
when instantiating a related TypedDict.
r r r s rr rE rE s6 " !*.Y.Y.YZZ#D4'222rt c h t j || j d }t j | |f S )` A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
potentially missing. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict):
title: str
year: NotRequired[int]
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
r r r s rr rF rF s6 !*.Y.Y.YZZ#D4'222rt c e Zd Zd ZdS )
_RequiredFormc h t j || j d }t j | |f S r r r s rr r z_RequiredForm.__getitem__, r rt Nr ro rt rr r r + r rt r r rF r a Type unpack operator.
The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'. For
example:
# For some generic class `Foo`:
Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]] # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
# Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
# (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
# `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
# `Generic[]`.)
class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
Bar[int] # Valid
Bar[int, str] # Also valid
From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator:
Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
`**kwargs` in a function signature. For instance:
class Movie(TypedDict):
name: str
year: int
# This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
# *year* of type `int`.
def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
For more information, see PEP 646 and PEP 692.
c . t | t u S r )r/ r r s rr r| r| s #&((rt c e Zd Z fdZ xZS )_UnpackSpecialFormc b t | t | _ d S r )r r _UNPACK_DOCr )rq r r s rr r z_UnpackSpecialForm.__init__ s& GG W % % %&DLLLrt )rv rw rx r r r s @rr r r s8 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'rt r c e Zd Zej ZdS _UnpackAliasNrv rw rx r r
r ro rt rr r r N rt r c ^ t j || j d }t | |f S r r r r r r s rr r r s1 !*.Y.Y.YZZD4'***rt c , t | t S r r r r s rr r| r| #|,,,rt c e Zd Zej ZdS r r ro rt rr r r r rt c e Zd Zd ZdS ) _UnpackFormc ^ t j || j d }t | |f S r r r s rr r z_UnpackForm.__getitem__ s8 %j)-&Q&Q&QS SD tg.. .rt Nr ro rt rr r r s# / / / / /rt r r c , t | t S r r r s rr r| r| r rt r c 2 e Zd ZdZej ZeddZd Z dS )r zType variable tuple.r7 c l t j | }t || t | |S r )r r r8 r< )r r r7 tvts rr r zTypeVarTuple.__new__ s5 %d++C g & & & Jrt c t d )N&Cannot subclass special typing classesr r s rr r z TypeVarTuple.__init_subclass__ r# rt N)
rv rw rx r r r rC r r r ro rt rr r r sS """("5 *1 F F F F Frt c P e Zd ZdZej Zd ZeddZ d Z
d Z d Z d Z
d Zd
S ) r a Type variable tuple.
Usage::
Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single
type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple*
type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``.
Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations.
Consider the following example::
class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ...
The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``,
where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables
as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using
the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves
as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``.
In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows
us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters.
Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can.
This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function
signatures and variable annotations::
class Array(Generic[*Ts]):
def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]):
self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape
def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]:
return self._shape
shape = (Height(480), Width(640))
x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)
y = abs(x) # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]
z = x + x # ... is Array[Height, Width]
x.get_shape() # ... is tuple[Height, Width]
c # K | j V d S r ) __unpacked__rp s rr __iter__zTypeVarTuple.__iter__ s # # # # # #rt r c || _ t | | t }|dk r|| _ t
| | _ d S )Nr )rv r> r rR rw r r )rq r r7 r; s rr r zTypeVarTuple.__init__ sO DM " "4 1 1 1 iiG---") &t D rt c | j S r r rp s rr rs zTypeVarTuple.__repr__ r rt c 6 t | S r rz rp s rr r zTypeVarTuple.__hash__ r{ rt c
| |u S r ro r s rr r zTypeVarTuple.__eq__ r} rt c | j S r r rp s rr r zTypeVarTuple.__reduce__ r rt c , d|vrt d d S )Nr r r r s rr r z TypeVarTuple.__init_subclass__ s$ d"" HIII #"rt N)rv rw rx r r r
r r r r rs r r r r ro rt rr r r s ) ) X N $ $ $ -4 - - - - - ! ! ! ) ) ) ! ! ! ! ! ! J J J J Jrt r; __objrt c f t dt | j t j | S )a Reveal the inferred type of a variable.
When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
x: int = 1
reveal_type(x)
Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example
will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
argument and returns it unchanged.
zRuntime type is )file)printr rv rK stderr)r s rr r; r; s0 9e!599
KKKK rt r' __argc t d )a1 Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable.
Example::
def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
match arg:
case int():
print("It's an int")
case str():
print("It's a str")
case _:
assert_never(arg)
If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
reachable, it will emit an error.
At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
z Expected code to be unreachable)AssertionErrorr s rr r' r' s ( >???rt )
eq_default
order_defaultkw_only_defaultfrozen_defaultfield_specifiersr r r r r .r c & fd}|S )a Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing
dataclass-like behavior.
Example:
from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
_T = TypeVar("_T")
# Used on a decorator function
@dataclass_transform()
def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
...
return cls
@create_model
class CustomerModel:
id: int
name: str
# Used on a base class
@dataclass_transform()
class ModelBase: ...
class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
id: int
name: str
# Used on a metaclass
@dataclass_transform()
class ModelMeta(type): ...
class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
id: int
name: str
Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now
behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass``
decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__``
method.
The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
- ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
- ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
See PEP 681 for details.
c $ d| _ | S )N)r r r r r r )__dataclass_transform__) cls_or_fnr r r r r r s rr decoratorz&dataclass_transform..decorator s, (!.#2"0$4
1 1I - rt ro )r r r r r r r s `````` rr r* r* 8 sC R rt r9 _F)rF c F d| _ n# t t f$ r Y nw xY w| S )aL Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
Usage:
class Base:
def method(self) -> None: ...
pass
class Child(Base):
@override
def method(self) -> None:
super().method()
When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class.
This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed
without an equivalent change to a child class.
There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
sets the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
to allow runtime introspection.
See PEP 698 for details.
T) __override__r r r s rr r9 r9 s@ 4 !%E *
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r r+ _Tr categoryr __msgr r c 8 dt dt f fd }|S )a Indicate that a class, function or overload is deprecated.
Usage:
@deprecated("Use B instead")
class A:
pass
@deprecated("Use g instead")
def f():
pass
@overload
@deprecated("int support is deprecated")
def g(x: int) -> int: ...
@overload
def g(x: str) -> int: ...
When this decorator is applied to an object, the type checker
will generate a diagnostic on usage of the deprecated object.
The warning specified by ``category`` will be emitted on use
of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls;
for classes, on instantiation. If the ``category`` is ``None``,
no warning is emitted. The ``stacklevel`` determines where the
warning is emitted. If it is ``1`` (the default), the warning
is emitted at the direct caller of the deprecated object; if it
is higher, it is emitted further up the stack.
The decorator sets the ``__deprecated__``
attribute on the decorated object to the deprecation message
passed to the decorator. If applied to an overload, the decorator
must be after the ``@overload`` decorator for the attribute to
exist on the overload as returned by ``get_overloads()``.
See PEP 702 for details.
r rt c _ S t t ra j j t
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j fd }x _ |_ |S t d )Nc t j dz t j ur | g|R i |S s|s|rt | j d | S )Nr r z() takes no arguments)r r r^ r r rv )r r r r r has_init original_newr s rr r z.deprecated..decorator..__new__ s M%(zTU~VVVV#6>99 +|C A$ A A A& A AA % 14 16 1 '3<(N(N(N O OO +|C 0 00rt c H t j dz | i |S )Nr r )r r )r r r r r r s rr wrapperz.deprecated..decorator..wrapper s4 M%(zTU~VVVV 5$1&111rt zY@deprecated decorator with non-None category must be applied to a class or callable, not ) __deprecated__r r r r r^ rU wrapsr rf r )r r r r r r r r s ` @@rr r z deprecated..decorator s0 ',$ E4((
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|S )ao Typed version of namedtuple.
Usage::
class Employee(NamedTuple):
name: str
id: int
This is equivalent to::
Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
dict that maps field names to types. (The field names are also in
the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::
Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
z3Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword argumentszq{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. Use the class-based or functional syntax instead.r r z = NamedTuple(z, [])`z{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields using the functional syntax, pass an empty list, e.g. r Nz\Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter and also specify fields using keyword argumentsr zIEither list of fields or keywords can be provided to NamedTuple, not bothz3.15)r r r r r ) r r r r formatr r r rR r r )r r r r r r nts rr r r a
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Examples::
from typing import TypeVar, Generic
from typing_extensions import NamedTuple, TypedDict
T = TypeVar("T")
class Foo(Generic[T]): ...
class Bar(Foo[int], float): ...
class Baz(list[str]): ...
Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)])
Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str})
assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float)
assert get_original_bases(Baz) == (list[str],)
assert get_original_bases(Eggs) == (NamedTuple,)
assert get_original_bases(Spam) == (TypedDict,)
assert get_original_bases(int) == (object,)
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by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
...
UserId('user') # Fails type check
name_by_id(42) # Fails type check
name_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK
num = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int
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d Zd Z xZS xZS )r@ a Create named, parameterized type aliases.
This provides a backport of the new `type` statement in Python 3.12:
type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]
is equivalent to:
T = TypeVar("T")
ListOrSet = TypeAliasType("ListOrSet", list[T] | set[T], type_params=(T,))
The name ListOrSet can then be used as an alias for the type it refers to.
The type_params argument should contain all the type parameters used
in the value of the type alias. If the alias is not generic, this
argument is omitted.
Static type checkers should only support type aliases declared using
TypeAliasType that follow these rules:
- The first argument (the name) must be a string literal.
- The TypeAliasType instance must be immediately assigned to a variable
of the same name. (For example, 'X = TypeAliasType("Y", int)' is invalid,
as is 'X, Y = TypeAliasType("X", int), TypeAliasType("Y", int)').
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0 ' & & &rt r4 __tpc t | t o=t | dd o,| t uo#| t t dt uS )aZ Return True if the given type is a Protocol.
Example::
>>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, is_protocol
>>> class P(Protocol):
... def a(self) -> str: ...
... b: int
>>> is_protocol(P)
True
>>> is_protocol(int)
False
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rt c t | st | d t | d rt | j S t t | S )a Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.
Example::
>>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, get_protocol_members
>>> class P(Protocol):
... def a(self) -> str: ...
... b: int
>>> get_protocol_members(P)
frozenset({'a', 'b'})
Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
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